10 miti da sfatare sulle emozioni

Nella nostra società esistono diverse convinzioni sulle emozioni ma molti di questi ‘falsi miti’ ci fanno sentire peggio. Sfatiamo alcuni miti sulle emozioni:

1. Se reprimo le mie emozioni, spariscono

Questo è un falso mito: Se le reprimiamo le emozioni restano dentro il nostro corpo. Invece di gestire quello che sentiamo, infatti, accumuliamo le emozioni fino al momento in cui scoppiamo. O molto peggio: le blocchiamo così tanto che si convertono in blocchi fisici o malattie. Esempio: il nostro corpo si trasforma in una pentola a pressione in cui teniamo prigioniere le emozioni. È importante lasciarle uscire e esprimere quello che sentiamo.

2. Esistono emozioni positive e negative

Questo è un falso mito: Nonostante molti autori le classifichino in questo modo, in realtà tutte le emozioni che sentiamo sono adattabili. Che vuol dire? Che grazie a tutte le emozioni che proviamo esistiamo ancora come specie. Esempio: Se entrasse in questo momento un leone nella tua stanza, che faresti? Ti nasconderesti o rimarresti fermo o saliresti sul tavolo. Tutte queste reazioni, come la paura, servono a proteggere la nostra vita. Sicuramente alcune sono più gradevoli che altre, però l’obiettivo finale delle nostre emozioni è la nostra sopravvivenza.

3. Mostrare le emozioni vuol dire essere deboli

Questo è un falso mito: Durante le varie epoche, a seconda delle culture, le emozioni sono state un tabù, qualcosa che non si poteva mostrare perché era segnale di debolezza. Quest’affermazione, più che un falso mito in sé, è un messaggio che ci hanno trasmesso generazione dopo generazione. Esempio: Se piangiamo perché siamo tristi non vuol dire che siamo deboli ma solamente che abbiamo intelligenza emozionale. Allo stesso modo, ora sappiamo che mostrare le nostre emozioni è una necessità per l’essere umano perché fa parte della capacità d’espressione che tutti abbiamo. Quando impediscono o impediamo a noi stessi di esprimere le emozioni, questo ci fa sentire molto male. In realtà la nostra forza è nella nostra vulnerabilità, ossia nella capacità di mostrarci per quello che siamo e nell’accettare noi stessi.

4. Occhio non vede, cuore non duole

Questo è un falso mito: Anche se facciamo finta di non vedere, in realtà vediamo e di conseguenza proviamo emozioni. Possiamo comportarci come se fossimo indifferenti però in realtà non lo siamo. Esempio: Se interrompiamo i rapporti con qualcuno e non lo vediamo più, possiamo pensare che soffriremo meno, però in realtà è necessario vivere il lutto per la perdita. Far finta che non succeda niente ci causa solamente più problemi.

5. Bisogna essere sempre allegri

Questo è un falso mito: L’allegria è un’emozione gradevole che ci piace provare costantemente. Nonostante ciò, non è possibile essere sempre allegri. Perché? Perché anche le emozioni che non sono molto gradevoli da provare (paura, rabbia, tristezza...) sono necessarie per dare valore a quello che abbiamo. Esempio: Immaginiamo che muoia il nostro cane e non diamo importanza all’accaduto. Le emozioni come la paura, la tristezza o la rabbia, servono per connettere con noi stessi, riflettere, dare valore a ciò che abbiamo, essere cauti e porre limiti.

6. La rabbia è un’emozione da evitare

Questo è un falso mito: Da piccoli c’insegnano che arrabbiarci non va bene. Da adulti abbiamo imparato (in generale) a non mostrare la rabbia. O al contrario, la mostriamo in maniera esagerata. Come le altre, anche la rabbia è un’emozione necessaria per porre limiti nella nostra vita e non lasciarci calpestare dagli altri. Esempio: Se quando ci arrabbiamo possiamo esprimere quello che sentiamo in un modo rispettoso e sano, possiamo liberarci di un peso e permetterci di porre limiti nella nostra vita. In alcuni casi non lo faremo nel modo più rispettoso possibile però impareremo volta per volta.

7. Bisogna sconfiggere la paura

Questo è un falso mito: C’insegnano che la paura è un nemico contro cui bisogna lottare. Tuttavia questa non è una buona soluzione. Esempio: Se diciamo a noi stessi “non devo aver paura a parlare in pubblico”, che succede? Il nostro cervello capisce, invece, che devo aver paura mentre sto parlando in pubblico. Se invece di respingerla lasciamo che la paura ci accompagni, invece di trasformarla in un nemico diventerà un alleato e saremo in grado di parlare in pubblico. Questo farà in modo che la paura si presenti solo quand’è necessario, ossia per proteggerci da pericoli reali.

8. Se mi distraggo la tristezza va via

Questo è un falso mito: Se ci distraiamo quello che succede è che la tristezza resta per un attimo in un angolo però continua a essere presente. Può servirci in alcuni momenti però in altre situazioni questa tristezza non si risolve. Esempio: Se abbiamo una brutta giornata e siamo tristi perché abbiamo discusso con i nostri figli o con il partner, è importante provare tristezza, la sensazione fisica e se lo sentiamo possiamo anche piangere. Solo se lasciamo uscire la tristezza e non la reprimiamo, se spieghiamo all’altra persona come ci sentiamo, possiamo far in modo che vada via.

9. Le emozioni sono permanenti

Questo è un falso mito: Quando stiamo male ci sembra che durerà in eterno, come se la tristezza, la rabbia o la paura non finissero mai. Tuttavia tutte le emozioni vanno e vengono. Esempio: Come un’onda nel mare va e viene: se proviamo l’emozione nel nostro corpo, la osserviamo, la identifichiamo, la esterniamo se è necessario, poco a poco sparirà.

10. Se provo un’emozione forte devo ragionare

Questo è un falso mito: Non è possibile ragionare quando stiamo vivendo un’emozione molto forte perché ci sta parlando il nostro corpo. Una volta che si riduce la risposta emozionale si può ragionare e capire ciò che abbiamo provato. Esempio: Se abbiamo una discussione con nostro fratello prima deve scemare la rabbia e dopo potremo capire quello che è successo. Lasciare che le emozioni seguano il processo naturale è benefico per il nostro corpo.

La gente che ascolta le proprie emozioni senza ignorarle fa in modo che il suo livello di fiducia aumenti.

Il ruolo salvifico della paura: un'emozione necessaria e importante

Tutti gli psicologi concordano sul fatto che la paura sia una delle emozioni primarie, cioè  quelle biologicamente predisposte nell'organismo. Le emozioni primarie, tra cui possiamo annoverare anche la rabbia, la gioia, la tristezza e il disgusto, vanno poi a comporre, combinandosi tra loro, le emozioni secondarie.

Il fatto che la paura sia un'emozione primaria e quindi legata all'istinto, ne indica l'importanza essenziale per la sopravvivenza dell'individuo.

Negli ultimi anni gli psicologi cognitivo-comportamentali hanno condotto una crociata contro la paura, considerandola come la causa di tutti i mali. Secondo loro sarebbe sufficiente sconfiggere la paura per ottenere tutti i successi.

Ma questa è pura follia: ignorare la paura significa esporsi in maniera irresponsabile al rischio di fallimento.

La paura, temuta e tiranneggiata, è una delle emozioni primarie a base innata che si esprime quando ci si trova in una situazione di pericolo.

E’ comune sia alla specie umana che a quella animale ed è caratterizzata da una serie di sintomi fisici: accelerazione del battito cardiaco, respiro affannoso, aumento del livello di adrenalina, dilatazione pupillare. Tutte queste caratteristiche sono tipiche dell’attivazione del sistema nervoso simpatico, che prepara l’organismo alla reazione di attacco o di fuga dal pericolo in agguato. E’ quindi un’emozione necessaria alla sopravvivenza della specie perché induce delle risposte fisiologiche e comportamentali adattive (Oliverio Ferraris, 2013).

In studi più recenti viene invece evidenziato il lato positivo della paura, vista come alleata nelle situazioni di pericolo. Non sentire l’emozione di paura può infatti essere molto pericoloso per la nostra sopravvivenza.

RIFERIMENTO BIBLIOGRAFICO:

Oliverio Ferraris, A., (2013). Psicologia della paura. Ed. Bollati Boringhieri
Per saperne di più: http://www.stateofmind.it/2015/05/paura-lato-positivo-psicologia-video/

Anche dal punto di vista filosofico possiamo registrare ultimamente un'apologia della paura.

Secondo Hans Jonas la responsabilità verso il futuro implica una “euristica della paura”. È più facile distruggere che costruire e la capacità di prevedere a lungo termine gli effetti delle nostre scelte è molto scarsa. Ma come può progredire una società che assume la paura come orizzonte?

Secondo Jonas dobbiamo recuperare la paura dal nostro bagaglio biologico e imparare ad usarla come uno strumento che ci induce alla prudenza. Questo è l’argomento che ha procurato più critiche a Jonas, in parte motivate da un tono eccessivamente pessimistico e dalla mancanza di una riflessione più approfondita. Egli dice che dobbiamo imparare ad avere paura delle concrete possibilità che l’uso irresponsabile del nostro potere comporta e che di fronte al dubbio che l’incertezza alimenta dobbiamo sempre considerare l’ipotesi peggiore, perché la posta in gioco è davvero troppo alta, e non possiamo affidarla al caso.

Cerchiamo adesso di considerare alcuni aspetti di questo sentimento caduto in disuso. La paura è un sentimento molto antico che, come i neuroscienziati insegnano, nasce nell’amigdala, la parte più antica del nostro cervello, ed è legata all’istinto di conservazione che ha consentito, alla nostra e ad altre specie animali, di sopravvivere ed evolversi. Sotto questo aspetto la paura si presenta come un’emozione sana e utile, direttamente legata alla nostra conservazione. È proprio questo che per Jonas significa “euristica della paura”, la possibilità di considerare la paura come uno strumento che ci consente di apprendere alcuni elementi utili alla risoluzione dei problemi che coinvolgono l’intera umanità. Per esempio, che di fronte all’alternativa tra un beneficio e un rischio che coinvolge l’intera collettività umana è bene fermarsi e riflettere sulle possibili conseguenze irreversibili.

Per esempio, che in ogni decisione e azione che può scatenare effetti imprevisti o incerti è doverosa la prudenza. A volte è stato notato che Jonas dà l’impressione di voler fare ricorso a un sentimento superstizioso e irrazionale, ma soprattutto inutile, che avrebbe come effetto, se ascoltato, di arrestare lo sviluppo della conoscenza. In queste critiche vi è un aspetto molto importante che riguarda la libertà della ricerca e dei limiti eventuali da porre a essa.

In questo campo, il mero ricorrere alla paura significherebbe interpretare in modo semplicistico un problema complesso, la cui corretta gestione può essere ottenuta solo attraverso una maggiore dose di conoscenza, unita alla consapevolezza critica da parte della scienza del suo ruolo sociale. In realtà bisogna interpretare il ricorso alla paura in modo esclusivamente simbolico.

L’intreccio tra etica e scienza ci dice infatti che, se vogliamo imparare a gestire i problemi che incidono sul nostro futuro, dobbiamo considerare una scienza aperta al discorso dei valori e delle scelte che ha abbandonato il paravento della neutralità e un’etica che si nutre di conoscenza per elaborare i suoi criteri di giudizio.

La paura è come il campanello d’allarme che ci ricorda la nostra vulnerabilità, potremmo dire che è una specie di richiamo del nostro istinto di conservazione, più che uno sterile esercizio dell’ideologia della superstizione.

La conoscenza è quell’elemento che fa la differenza tra una paura superstiziosa e irrazionale e una paura realistica e ragionevole. Solo acquisendo un maggior numero di conoscenze (mirato alla gestione degli attuali problemi) rispondiamo in modo corretto alla paura. Rendersi parte attiva, criticamente attiva, di questo processo conoscitivo è quello che comunemente definiamo un atteggiamento responsabile.

Maria Antonietta Foddai (professoressa di Filosofia del diritto all'Università di Sassari. È autrice di Agire eticamente. Jonas e le nuove responsabilità, Tipografia Moderna, Sassari, 2005)

Chi comanda nei Sette Regni? Mappa e volti

Oltre la Barriera: gli Estranei e i Cavalieri Bianchi.

Al Nord: Ramsay Bolton

Nelle terre dei fiumi: Walder Frey

Nella Valle: Robert Arryn

Nella capitale e nelle terre della Tempesta: re Tommen Baratheon

Nell'Ovest: Kevan Lannister

Nell'Altopiano: Mace Tyrell

A Dorne: le Serpi della Sabbia

Parodie fantasy

Mappa geopolitica completa del mondo di Games of Thrones

Cronologia e timeline de Le Cronache del Ghiaccio e del Fuoco e di Games of Thrones

Dawn Age  Età dell'Alba

Prehistory	Before the coming of men: The lands of Westeros were inhabited by a mysterious race of diminutive humanoid creatures known as the children of the forest, as well as giants and other magical creatures.[3]
ca.-12,000	The First Men invade Westeros: A human ethnic group from Essos, the First Men, invades Westeros by crossing the Arm of Dorne, bearing weapons of bronze. In a futile attempt to end the invasion, the children use magic to shatter the land bridge, creating the Broken Arm and the island chain known as the Stepstones.[4] The First Men are more numerous, larger, stronger, and more technologically advanced than the children, who try to resist the invaders using their magic and obsidian weapons. It proves unsuccessful, however, and the First Men gradually push deeper and deeper into Westeros, establishing hundreds of petty kingdoms.[1][4]
ca.-10,000	Signing of the Pact: After years of warfare, the First Men and children of the forest come to a standstill and finally agree to a peaceful coexistence, signing the Pact on the Isle of Faces. This pact gives the First Men dominion over the open lands and lets the children keep control over the forested areas. In time, the First Men adopt the worship of the old gods of the forest.

Age of Heroes  Età degli Eroi

ca.-10,000

Age of Heroes: An era during the history of Westeros, which would be named so later for the great men and women who live in the years of peace and prosperity following the forging of the Pact. The Pact endures for nearly four thousand years, and in that time, the children of the forest and the First Men grow closer. In time, the First Men set aside many of their cultural differences to embrace the ways and customs of the children of the forest. With the exception of the Drowned God of the Iron Islands and the Lady of the Waves and Lord of the Skies of the Three Sisters, the gods of the children become those of the First Men. Many of the noble houses of Westeros today trace their lineage back to the Age of Heroes. This was the time when grand historical figures are said to have lived, such as Brandon the Builder, founder of House Stark; Lann the Clever, founder of House Lannister, who winkled Casterly Rock from the Casterlys; or Garth Greenhand, founder of House Gardener of the Reach. Also during this era the Storm Kings arise in the stormlands: a line with figures such as the founding Durran, supposed builder of Storm's End; and the Grey King, first king of the Iron Islands.

ca.-8,000

The Long Night: In this time, night seems to last for a generation, and the longest, coldest and darkest winter descends on Westeros. The ice spreads down from the north, and under the cover of darkness, the Others invade Westeros from the uttermost north, marching, killing and raising up the dead to be their servants in unlife and nearly destroying all men in Westeros. The Long Night comes to an end with theBattle for the Dawn. The children and the First Men unite to defeat the Others with dragonglass weapons, with the Night's Watch pushing them back into the frozen reaches of the Far North.[5] Legendary figures from this time include the last hero and Azor Ahai, who wields a great sword of fire, Lightbringer. Building of the Wall: With the Others defeated, Bran the Builder, with the aid of giants, the First Men, and perhaps the children of the forest, raises the Wall, a monumental fortification of ice and ancient magic, to shelter the realms of men from the menaces of the north. The Sworn Brotherhood of the Night's Watch guards the Wall. It is said that Bran the Builder also built Winterfell, became the first King in the North, and founded House Stark. The Night's King: Not long after the Wall is complete, the thirteenth Lord Commander of the Night's Watch breaks his oath. He is seduced by an Other woman from beyond the Wall, declares himself the Night's King, and rises in rebellion with the Watch as his personal army. During the dark years of his reign, horrific atrocities are committed, of which tales would be told in the North even after several millennia. TheStarks of Winterfell and the King-beyond-the-Wall, Joramun, join forces to defeat the Night's King and thus restore honor to the Watch. This is the same Joramun who also finds the Horn of Winter, which he is said to use to awaken giants from the earth.

Andal invasion. Invasione degli Andali

ca.-6,000

Foundation of the Faith: In the hills of Andalos on Essos, a new religion takes shape, called the Faith of the Seven. Supposedly, the supreme deity of the Andals appears to them, guiding them into their invasion of Westeros. The Andal invasion: The Andals cross the narrow sea and make landfall on its eastern shore at the Fingers, on what would one day become the Vale of Arryn. They come under the banner of the Faith of the Seven, with seven-pointed stars carved into their chests, wielding weapons of steel. They fight both the First Men and the children of the forest, sweeping the land much like the First Men did thousands of years before. When the Andals crossed the narrow sea from Essos is disputed; some sources indicate six thousand years ago,[6] the True History states it was four thousand years ago, and some maesters claim it was two thousand years ago.[7] For centuries the Andals war with the First Men and the children in an attempt to drive them out. One by one, the six southron kingdoms fall and the weirwoods are burned. Only the Kingdom of the North remains under the rule of the First Men, in large part due to the strategically located fortress of Moat Cailin resisting multiple attempts to take it and thereafter serving as the door between North and South. Even though the North remain secure, the children of the forest begin their slow withdrawal from the lands of men, retreating deeper into their forests and north of the Wall.

ca.-4,000

The Iron Islands fall to the Andals, ending the first line of kings ruling there uncontested for over a thousand years, originating from Urron Greyiron. Unlike in the other regions, however, Andals are assimilated to the native beliefs of the Old Way and the Drowned God.

Age of Valyria. Età di Valyria.

ca.-5,000	Rise of the Valyrian Freehold: On Essos, the peaceful sheep-herding folk of the Valyrian peninsula find dragons lairing in the Fourteen Fires, an immense chain of volcanoes extending across the neck of the peninsula. The Valyrians tame the dragons with magic, which gives them the means to gain influence over the area. The Valyrian Freehold is established. In its capital, Valyria, magic flourishes, topless towers rise toward the heavens where dragons soar, stone sphinxes gaze down through eyes of garnet, and smiths forge swords of legendary strength and sharpness. Conquest of Ghiscar: Five great wars are fought between the Ghiscari Empire, the greatest empire on the eastern peninsula, and the Freehold — wars which Valyria wins with the help of its dragons. After the last war, the Freehold utterly destroys the Ghiscari capital, slaying its people, destroying the city's walls and streets with dragonflame, and salting and sulphuring the fields. The Ghiscari empire shattered, the Valyrian Freehold expands its influence over the surviving Ghiscari cities of Slaver's Bay.
~4700 BC	Fifth Ghiscari War: The Ghiscari Wars end with the fifth war in which Old Ghis is utterly destroyed by the Freehold, as to ensure there won't be a sixth war.[8][9][10]
1436 BC	Lorath: A sect of religious dissidents leave the Freehold to establish a temple upon Lorath's main isle, becoming the first inhabitants of the city that will become Lorath.[11]
~950 BC - 700 BC	The Rhoynish Wars: With the destruction of Old Ghis, the Freehold's slow westward expansion brings it into conflict with the Rhoynish cities along the great River Rhoyne, a vast waterway. This series of wars between the Valyrian Freehold and the Rhoynar, starting around 950 BC with the First Turtle War, lasts for some two hundred and fifty years and ends with the Second Spice War.[12][13][14][15][16]
~700 BC	The Rhoynar migration: Prince Garin the Great raises an army a quarter-million strong to oppose the Valyrians, but fails utterly against their dragons. Following the defeat of the Rhoynar in the Second Spice War, Nymeria, a Rhoynish warrior-queen, evacuates the survivors of Garin's war, mostly women and children, on ten thousand ships across the narrow sea, seeking refuge in Dorne in southern Westeros. There, Nymeria forms a marriage alliance with Lord Mors Martell and together they finally organize the land into one kingdom, establishing House Martell as the ruling house of Dorne after Nymeria's War. Mors adopts many Rhoynish customs. The unification of Dorne under Nymeria and Mors leads to new conflicts with the kingdoms of the Reach and the Storm, expressed through raids, skirmishes, and the occasional wars over the centuries.
ca.-500	The Valyrian Freehold conquers much of what would be the area of the southern Free Cities. A slave revolt breaks out in a Valyrian fleet carrying thousands of captives, who decide to flee as far from Valyria as possible. Ultimately they land in a remote lagoon protected by mountains and mists, and there found the Secret City of Braavos. They later build the Titan of Braavos, a great statue which also serves as a defensive fortification.
ca.-200	The Valyrian Freehold annexes a small island at the mouth of Blackwater Bay, off the east coast of Westeros. The Targaryens, a Valyrian dragonlord family, take control of the island, building a castle whose towers are shaped to look like dragons, giving it its name: Dragonstone.
126 BC	Migration of the Targaryens: Following a prophetic dream of his daughter Daenys, Lord Aenar Targaryen decides to leave Valyria with his family and all their belongings. They settle on Dragonstone.
114 BC	The Doom of Valyria: The nature of the Doom is unclear, save that heavy volcanic and seismic activity are involved, likely due to the Fourteen Fires, the mountains where the dragons were first discovered. The Valyrian peninsula is shattered and the city of Valyria is laid waste, although not completely destroyed. The dragons of Valyria are virtually wiped out and the Valyrian Freehold crumbles apart in the Century of Blood. Its various city-states break apart, asserting their independence and surviving to this day as the Free Cities and the cities of Slaver's Bay.
~100	Braavos reveals itself to the other cities, eventually becoming the most powerful of them through its vast fleet and economic power. The cities of Slaver's Bay become independent again, although Ghiscari power begins building again in the south. The warrior-nomads of the vast eastern plains become more emboldened by the fall of Valyria, and their dominant tribe, the Dothraki, begins raiding the surrounding lands. The Targaryens remain safe on Dragonstone, the guardians of possibly the last three dragons in the western world.

The Seven Kingdoms. Nascita dei Sette Regni.

ca.-3000	Over the centuries following the Andal invasion, the southern kingdoms of the First Men fall, and eventually the Andals raise up six powerful kingdoms of their own.
ca.-3000	Wildling Invasion: The free folk (wildlings) unite under the brother Kings-beyond-the-Wall, Gendel and Gorne. They manage to evade the Night's Watch and bypass the Wall in great numbers using a network of tunnels that extend under the Wall. However, they are met by the Stark king on the other side and are eventually thrown back.
ca. -700	House Stark finally subdues House Bolton, their primary antagonists for dominance in the North. Later Karlon Stark would defeat sea raiders from the east and found the cadet branch House Karstark. In the west, the ironborn of the Iron Islands rise to power; at their peak they control most of the western coast from Oldtown and the Arbor in the south to Bear Island in the north. The Rhoynar, fleeing the Valyrians, migrate to Dorne. This is the last major migration into Westeros.
ca. -350	The Storm King Arlan III Durrandon expands his control of the stormlands north to include the territory of the riverlands up to the Neck. Over time the ironborn lose many of their holdings but, some three generations before Aegon's Landing, Harwyn Hoare conquers the territory of the riverlands from the Storm King Arrec Durrandon. An ironborn king, Harren Hoare, builds Harrenhal.

Targaryen Dynasty. La dinastia Targaryen.

2 BC-1 AC	Aegon's Conquest: Aegon the Conqueror invades Westeros and in two years' time subdues and unites six of the seven kingdoms of Westeros under his banner and constructs a new capital city at King's Landing. Dorne remains independent, however. With the destruction of the Storm King, Argilac the Arrogant, and the death of the last King of the Reach, control of the castle of Storm's End passes to Aegon's bastard half-brother Orys Baratheon, and of Highgarden to Harlen Tyrell. Edmyn Tully of Riverrun is named Lord Paramount of the Trident and Vickon Greyjoy of Pyke becomes Lord of the Iron Islands. The day of Aegon's coronation by the High Septon in Oldtown becomes the first day of Aegon's reign, beginning 1 AC.[17]
4-13 AC	First Dornish War: Continuing the Wars of Conquest, Aegon I Targaryen invades Dorne but the Dornishmen successfully resist. Aegon's sister Rhaenys is presumed dead after disappearing at the Hellholt.[18]
41-48 AC	The Faith Militant uprising: Upon Aegon I's death, his son Aenys I takes the throne. He angers the Faith when he marries his eldest daughter to his eldest son, leading to an uprising against the Targaryens. Aenys is incapable of dealing with the crisis, and eventually dies of a short illness on Dragonstone in 42 AC. Dowager Queen Visenys, leading the care for Aenys, brings her son Maegor, Aenys' brother, back from his exile, and Maegor is crowned king, despite Aenys having three sons all before Maegor in the line of succession. Maegor's response to the Faith's uprising is ruthless and brutal, resulting in the deaths of thousands in battle, through slaughter and by dragonfire. Besides the Faith's uprising, Maegor also has to deal with Prince Aegon, Aenys I's eldest son, battling him for the throne, and later Prince Jaehaerys, who makes his claim known towards the end of Maegor's reign. [19][20]
48 AC	Jaehaerys the Conciliator: King Jaehaerys I succeeds King Maegor, who by that time is known as Maegor the Cruel. He declares a truce and agrees to end the slaughter in return for the Faith Militantdisbanding and submitting to the Targaryens, earning the name The Conciliator. Jaehaerys' rule brings decades of peace and prosperity to the realm.[21]
92 AC	Choosing of 92 AC: With the death of King Jaehaerys I's eldest son and heir, Prince Aemon, King Jaehaerys needs name a new heir, choosing between Aemon’s only child, Princess Rhaenys, and Jaehaerys's own second son, Prince Baelon. Jaehaerys eventually names Baelon.[21]
96 AC	Rise of the Three Daughters: After defeating Volantis at the Battle of the Borderlands by uniting their forces, the Free Cities Myr, Lys and Tyrosh decide to ally together, forming the Triarchy, also known inWesteros as the Kingdom of the Three Daughters. The Triarchy would last for several decades, during which they found find themselves in conflict with the Targaryens on occasion.[22][23][24]
101 AC	The Great Council of 101 AC: After Prince Baelon's death, King Jaehaerys I needs to name a new heir once again. The King calls for the first Great Council, so the Lords of Westeros can decide between Princess Rhaenys's only son, Laenor Velaryon, and Prince Baelon's eldest son, Prince Viserys. Viserys is elected with a majority of votes.[21]
106-115 AC	Conquest of the Stepstones: Prince Daemon Targaryen allies with Lord Corlys Velaryon to conquest the Stepstones, a conflict eventually involving the Triarchy and Dorne. Daemon names himself King of the Narrow Sea in 109 AC. He abandons the Stepstones in 115 AC, when marrying Laena Velaryon. Five more Kings of the Narrow Sea would follow him in a short period of time, before Daemon's kingdom fell.[22][24]
120 AC	The Year of the Red Spring: A year in the reign of Viserys I marked by four great tragedies. The deaths of both Laena and Laenor Velaryon, the former in childbirth, the latter murdered in Spicetown, were the first two tragedies. Thirdly, Prince Aemond Targaryen lost his eye in a fight against his young cousin, Prince Lucerys Velaryon. Lastly, a great fire at Harrenhal claims the lives of Lord Lyonel Strong, Hand of the King, and his heir, Ser Harwin. Each of these events would influence the events that would lead to the Dance of the Dragons.[22][24]
129-131 AC	The Dance of the Dragons: The first major civil war in the history of the Seven Kingdoms; a war of succession between Aegon II and his half-sister Rhaenyra Targaryen over their father's throne. It consumes them both, as well as most of the Targaryen family and their remaining dragons. The war ends with Aegon III, eldest surviving son of Rhaenyra, being crowned.[25][26]
153 AC	Death of the last dragon: King Aegon III Targaryen had struggled to breed healthy dragons - those he had managed to produce are born weak and sickly. He is unable to prevent the death of the last one, earning himself the title 'Dragonbane'. The last dragon dies in 153 AC, and all that is left behind are several eggs which the Targaryens fail to hatch.[27]
157-161 AC	Daeron conquers Dorne: Upon taking the throne at age fourteen, King Daeron I decides to finish Aegon the Conqueror's work and launches a successful invasion of Dorne. Unfortunately, he leaves a Tyrell of Highgarden in charge: a house that has warred with the Martells for thousands of years. The tyrannical rule of the Tyrells triggers an uprising against the Iron Throne. When Daeron I returns with a fresh army, he is killed, his cousin Prince Aemon the Dragonknight is captured and his forty thousand men are lost.[28]
170 AC	Prince Daeron, second cousin of Baelor I, and Princess Mariah Martell of Dorne have their first son, Prince Baelor. Later that year, Princess Daena Targaryen gives birth to Daemon Waters, her bastard son by Aegon IV Targaryen, who would later become known as Daemon I Blackfyre.[29][30]
187 AC	Dorne formally joins the Seven Kingdoms through the marriage of King Daeron II's younger sister Daenerys to Prince Maron Martell. After his wedding, Prince Maron swears his fealthy to the Iron Throne.[31]
196 AC	The First Blackfyre Rebellion: The second major civil war of Westeros erupts after Daemon Blackfyre puts a claim on the Iron Throne based on Daeron II's illegitimacy. With many lords declaring for him, Daemon Blackfyre marches his forces on King's Landing but is defeated in the Battle of the Redgrass Field. He is killed by his half-brother, Brynden Rivers, yet several of his sons escape to the Free Cities withAegor Rivers. [31][32]
209 AC	The events of The Hedge Knight take place. Prince Baelor 'Breakspear' Targaryen, the heir to the throne, is killed in a tourney mishap. A few months later, King Daeron II and Baelor's two sons die in the Great Spring Sickness. Daeron II's second son, Aerys I, becomes king. Prince Baelor's nephew Aegon becomes squire to a hedge knight, Ser Duncan the Tall, in the hope of improving his mettle.[33]
211 AC	The events of The Sworn Sword and The Mystery Knight take place. As depicted in The Sworn Sword, House Webber and House Osgrey of the Reach become allies. Bloodraven has become the King's Hand by this time, angering Prince Maekar, brother to Aerys and the late Baelor.[34][35]
	The Second Blackfyre Rebellion: Blackfyre loyalists attempt to launch a second rebellion, but Bloodraven exposes the plan, the Pretender, Daemon II Blackfyre, and executes many of the conspirators before a battle needs to be fought. These events are depicted in The Mystery Knight.[35]
219 AC	The Third Blackfyre Rebellion: Haegon I Blackfyre and Aegor Rivers with the Golden Company attempt to invade Westeros. In the end, Haegon is killed after his surrender. Aegor Rivers is arrested, but allowed to go to the Wall by King Aerys I Targaryen. On his way there, his ship is intercepted, and he is freed by his own men. Before the year ended, Rivers had crowned Haegon's son, Daemon, the new Blackfyre King.[36]
233 AC	Great Council of 233 AC: King Maekar I dies in battle during th ePeake Uprising During Maekar's reign his eldest son Daeron dies of the pox and his second son Aerion "Brightflame" dies after drinking wildfire. His third son, Aemon, has already taken his maesters vows. Maekar dies battling an outlaw lord. Aemon refuses the crown and removes himself to the Wall. Prince Aegon becomes Aegon V, the Unlikely, as he is the fourth son of a fourth son. Bloodraven is exiled to the Wall by the new King, later becoming Lord Commander.[37][38]
226 AC	Beyond the Wall: The free folk unite under Raymun Redbeard, King-Beyond-the-Wall. Taking the Night's Watch unawares, they scale the Wall and invade the North. They are eventually stopped at the Battle of Long Lake by a Stark host led by Lord Willam Stark.[39][40]
233 AC	Peake Uprising and the Great Council of 233 AC: King Maekar I Targaryen is killed whilst fighting rebels during the Peake Uprising. Without a clear heir, Hand of the King Brynden Rivers calls for a Great Council, where the claims of Prince Maekar's children and grandchildren are discussed. Aenys Blackfyre, son of Daemon I Blackfyre, wishes to put forward his claim, and is invited by Rivers to come to King's Landing. Upon arrival, he is executed, as a message by Rivers to the Lords on the Great Council not to side with the Blackfyre's. In the end, Prince Aegon is named King Aegon V Targaryen.[41][42]
236 AC	The Fourth Blackfyre Rebellion: Daemon III Blackfyre and the Golden Company invade Westeros. The rebellion is a short one, with Daemon III slain by Ser Duncan the Tall, of the Kingsguard.[43] This year is also remembered as the Red Spring.[24]
259 AC	The Tragedy of Summerhall: King Aegon V and his heir, Prince Duncan, are killed in a great fire at the Targaryen's summer palace. The fire was triggered by an unsuccessful attempt to hatch the last three dragon eggs left in the west, and it heralded or directly contributed to Rhaegar Targaryen's birth.[43][44]
260 AC	The War of the Ninepenny Kings: War erupts when the Band of Nine, including Maelys Blackfyre, after having conquered the Free City of Tyrosh and the Stepstones, begin to move towards the Seven Kingdoms. King Jaehaerys calls his banners to bring the attack to the Stepstones. Barristan Selmy kills Maelys. Brynden Tully distinguishes himself in the war. Prince Aerys Targaryen is knighted by Ser Tywin Lannister. Hand of the King Ormund Baratheon dies in the hands of his son, Ser Steffon.[45]
261 AC	Reyne-Tarbeck rebellion: After years of friction, House Reyne and House Tarbeck rise in rebellion against their overlords of House Lannister. In the resulting conflict, Tywin Lannister, heir to Lord Tytos Lannister, obliterated both rebel houses.[46]
276 AC	Birth of Prince Viserys Targaryen: After many years, Queen Rhaella Targaryen finally gives birth to a healthy son who will survive infancy.[47]
277 AC	The Defiance of Duskendale: House Darklyn refuses to pay taxes to the Iron Throne. King Aerys II Targaryen, eager to sort out the situation himself, goes to Duskendale and is taken prisoner. Duskendale is besieged for six months before Barristan Selmy manages to free the king. House Darklyn is destroyed and House Rykker takes over the town. It is said that it was the Defiance that began Aerys' descent into madness. Aerys doesn't leave the Red Keep until 281 AC because of this event.[47]
280 AC	Marriage of Prince Rhaegar Targaryen: After having been betrothed in early 279 AC, Prince Rhaegar Targaryen marries Princess Elia Martell of Dorne in the Great Sept of Baelor early in the year. Towards year's end, their first child, Princess Rhaenys, is born.[47]

The Fall of the Dragons

281 AC

Resolution of the Kingswood Brotherhood: The band of outlaws called the Kingswood Brotherhood is defeated by a royal force commanded by Arthur Dayne; during that battle a young squire, Jaime Lannister, distinguishes himself and is knighted, later becoming a member of the Kingsguard and discarding his claim as Tywin Lannister's heir. Tywin resigns the Handship in angry protest and returns toCasterly Rock.[48][49][50] The Year of the False Spring: Lord Walter Whent holds a great tourney at Harrenhal, where Prince Rhaegar distinguishes himself in battle, but names Lyanna Stark of Winterfell, who is betrothed to Robert Baratheon, as the queen of love and beauty rather than his own wife Elia. Eddard Stark meets and befriends Howland Reed of Greywater Watch.[51]

282-283 AC

Robert's Rebellion: Rhaegar Targaryen abducts Lyanna Stark. Lyanna's brother Brandon and father Rickard demand that Aerys discipline his son, but instead the Mad King kills them both. Aerys demands the heads of Robert Baratheon and Eddard Stark from their guardian, Jon Arryn. Instead, Houses Arryn, Stark, and Baratheon raise their banners in open rebellion, signifying the start of the war, which is also known as the War of the Usurper, which will last close to a year. Hoster Tully agrees to join the rebellion as well. The Tyrells remain loyal to the king and besiege Robert's castle of Storm's End, held by his brother Stannis. The new Hand of the King, Jon Connington, is defeated in the Battle of the Bells and is sent into exile in the Free Cities. The rebel army defeats the royalists at the Battle of the Trident, where Prince Rhaegar is killed. The Lannisters apparently march to the aid of King Aerys, but instead turn against him and Aerys is killed by Jaime Lannister the Kingslayer during the Sack of King's Landing. Princess Elia Martell and her children, Aegon and Rhaenys Targaryen, are brutally murdered by Lannister bannermen, causing a rift between Eddard Stark and Robert Baratheon. Eddard and Howland Reed defeat the Kingsguard guarding the Tower of Joy holding Lyanna prisoner, only to find her dying. Robert, who can trace his descent back to King Aegon V Targaryen, is crowned Lord of the Seven Kingdoms. With the war at an end, Eddard returns home to Winterfell with his bastard son, Jon Snow.[51][52]

King Robert's Reign. Il regno di Robert Baratheon

284 AC	Assault on Dragonstone: Stannis Baratheon, at the command of Robert I, his brother and the new king, builds a new royal fleet to take Dragonstone, the last Targaryen holdfast left after the Rebellion. Dowager Queen Rhaella Targaryen dies in childbirth, giving birth to Princess Daenerys Targaryen during a summer storm. With the garrison of Dragonstone prepared to surrender, loyal Targaryen retainers spirit away Rhaella and Aerys' two youngest children, Prince Viserys and Princess Daenerys, to safety in the Free City of Braavos.
289 AC	Greyjoy's Rebellion: Balon Greyjoy names himself King of the Iron Islands. He is defeated and two of his sons are killed. King Robert accepts his surrender and Balon's remaining son, Theon Greyjoy, becomes a ward and hostage of Eddard Stark.
297 AC	Magister Illyrio Mopatis of Pentos invites Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen to stay in his manse and offers to help them reclaim their throne.

A Song of Ice and Fire. Eventi narrati nei romanzi.

298 AC	The events of A Song of Ice and Fire begin. (The Prologue of A Game of Thrones takes place in 297 AC, and quite possibly the first few Daenerys chapters as well.) In the north, after thousands of years without encounter, the Others reappear in an attack on rangers from the Night's Watch and a group of free folk. The Hand of the King, Jon Arryn, is poisoned after learning that Robert I Baratheon's heirs to the Iron Throne are bastards. Following the death of Robert, the Seven Kingdoms are engulfed in the War of the Five Kings, a central conflict that spans through all five published books.
299 AC	Beyond the Wall: With the disturbing news of a conflict beyond the Wall, the Night's Watch leaves in force on a great ranging into the far north. In Essos: After having hatched three dragon eggs, bringing dragons back to the world once again, Daenerys Targaryen conquers the great cities of Slaver's Bay, setting their slaves free and throwing the region into chaos.
300 AC	In Westeros: After a decade-long summer and brief autumn, winter finally engulfs Westeros. The long-believed-dead Prince Aegon Targaryen starts his invasion of Westeros. In Essos: Daenerys Targaryen rules Meereen as its queen.